TechPro

   what is network ? -  A network is a group of two or more computer systems, which are connected together. It also consist of a collection of computers, printers, scanner and other devices that are liked together. Networking has single purpose to share information as fast as possible.   The basic types of network- 1) LAN - LAN stands for Local Area Network. It is used to network computers within a limited area like office, school by using the network media. 2) CAN - Campus Area Network is an interconnection of local area networks within limited geographical area. campus network can be additional to the set of wireless connections. connects several buildings to the same network. Example, corporate office campus, university. 3) MAN - MAN means Metropolitan Area Network, which optimized for a larger geographic area than a LAN, ranging from several blocks of buildings to entire city. 4) WAN - WAN is Wide Area Network that is network connection of wide area such as the w...

   what is OSI ?    -OSI model was first proposed by International Standards Organization(ISO) to solve the multiple problems faced in telecommunication.  It is conceptual model of telecommunication networking where the whole process is divided into seven effective layers. It synchronizes the whole process and helps one understand the interoperation of the diverse communication system under the standard protocol. 7 layer as following  - 7. Application Layer   -  This is the last layer of OSI system  and this layer represents the data that is  understood by the user. The application layer supplies network services to end user applications . protocols works in this layer are HTTP,FTP,SMTP. 6. Presentation Layer  - The presentation layer is the simplest in a function of any piece of the OSI model. It handles syntax processing of message data such as format conversations and encryption / decryption needed to support application layer ab...

  What is the use of network devices ?  - Network Devices or internetworking devices are used to establish a network connection inside the corporate environment. Take  a look at the concept of internetworking devices and how they work. - NIC  - NIC stands for network interface card. It is indeed a circuit board or a card that is installed in a computer so that it can be connected to a network. Actually the network interface card provides the computer with a dedicated, full-time connection to a network. NIC specifically designed for the LAN transmission technology. also there is WLAN.  - Repeater  - Repeater is a network device, which used to regenerate or replicate a signal. It removes unwanted noise in an incoming signal. Unlike analog signal, the original digital signal, even id weak or distorted, can be clearly perceived and restored. Repeater operates at layer 1 of OSI.  -  HUB  - Basically a hub is a common connection point for devices i...

   What is topology ? - Network Topology is the arrangement of the various elements (links, nodes etc.) of a computer network. Essentially, it is the topological structure of a network and may e depicted physically or logically. Topologies are divided into two types. one is called physical topology and another one is logical topology. Physical Topology is the placement of the various components of a network, including device location and cable installation, while logical topology illustrates how data flows within a network, regardless of its physical design. There are number of reasons to understand network topology. - The network topology impacts performance - The network topology is a factor in determining the media type used  to cable the network. - Knowledge of network layout  helps to optimize the network  performance  and troubleshoot network performance issues. Topology                      ...

   Introduction to OS  - An operating system is system software that manages computer hardware  and software resources and provide common services for computer programs. For hardware functions  such as input, output and memory allocation, the operating system acts as an intermediary between the programs and the computer hardware.  The two types of major software are System Software and Application Software. An operating system performs following functions : - Device Management - Memory and file storage management - Process management - User application program management -Error management - CPU scheduling  - Providing interface between user and computer system foe interaction. Types of operating system Based on user interface , an operating system is classified as: Graphical User Interface(GUI) - Provides interface having icons, menus etc. to the user to interact with the computer. for example, windows, Linux etc.  Command Line Interface(CLI) ...

   Active Directory Domain Services - It is a server role , you can create a  scalable secure and manageable infrastructure for user and resource management and this ADDS can provide  support for directory enabled application like, Microsoft Exchange Server. - It stores directory data. - Manages communication between user and domains - Manages user logon processes, authentication, and directory searches. server running ADDS is called domain controller. Structure of ADDS : The hierarchical structure of ADDS includes, -Active Directory Forest - Domains in the Forest - Organizational units in each domain Physical components - Data storage, Domain Controller, Global Catalog server, Read-only Domain Controller. Local Components - Forest, Domain, Domain Tree, Sites and Schema, OU(Organizational unit), Groups and Users, Directory Partitions. ADDS Forest - - It has highest level in active directory. - It is the logical security boundary for an enterprise. -  It shares t...

   Introduction to HTML 5  This chapter gives you clear idea about basic concepts of web like WWW, URL, Web Server , Browsers, HTML etc.  World Wide Web -  The world wide web is a network of online content that is organized in HTML and accessed via HTTP. The word refers to all the interlinked HTML pages that can be reached over the Internet. The World Wide Web was actually designed in 1991 by Tim Berners-Lee while he was a contractor at CERN. The World Wide Web is usually referred to as "the Web." www vs Internet -  The World Wide Web is what a lot of people think of as the Internet. It is all the Web pages, pictures, videos and other online content that can be viewed via a Web browser. The Internet, in contrast, is the underlying network connection that allows us to send email and access the World Wide Web. URL -  URL stands for Uniform Resource Locator, and is used to specify addresses on the World Wide Web. A URL is the fundamental network iden...

   Introduction to SQA - SQA should be utilized to the full extend with traceability of errors, cost efficient . There are the principles behind a highly efficient SQA procedure. Every business should use SQA and use it to the best as they can. They can easily guide the application to be the best procedure. Everything should be “spick and span” when SQA has been executed.   Since it is internationally recognized, the application should not only have a local impact but global acceptance at the same time. Businesses that develop and application and setting it for global standard will have a high reputation and the salability is even better. SQA definitely has benefits that will launch the company towards the global standard it needs.   NEED OF SQA -  There are so many reasons why a company should consider SQA. It is all about business survival and SQA is just one of the many tools the company should effectively use. And just like a tool, it has to be eff...

   Levels of Software Testing There are various testing levels one of which is unit testing in which the smallest testable part of an application is testing for correctness. In integration testing we check the system when we linking  the various modules.  In system testing we check the system as a whole from customers’ viewpoint. Acceptance testing tries to check whether the system is acceptable by most of the users. Alpha testing is carried out at developer’s site and beta is at customer’s site. A Testers workbench is a virtual environment used to verify the correctness or soundness of a design or model. 11 step testing process is a experience based practical approach for solution to a test assignment.     UNIT TESTING -        Unit testing is a software development process in which the smallest testable parts of an application, called units, are individually and independently scrutinized for proper operation. Unit testing is often...

   PHP Language Core  Intended Audience It is anticipated that the typical reader already has some web based experience at least in terms of understanding the concepts of a web server and creating HTML based content. While prior programming and  scripting experience will be beneficial to the reader, this book is designed  such that even the non-programmer can quickly get up to speed with  PHP.  The History of PHP Every once in a while a person faces a particular problem or requirement  to which there appears to be no existing solution. Faced with this problem  the person decides to create a solution to provide the needed functionality. Having developed the solution to their problem it then occurs to them that others may need to solve the same problem, and they decide to make their solution freely available to others who, in turn, can use and improve on it. Within a short period of time many people adopt the technology and work on it, adding n...

   Storage Management Concept • A file system is an organized structure of data-holding files and directories residing on a storage device, such as a physical disk or partition. The process of adding a new file system to the existing directory tree is called mounting.  The  directory where the new file system is mounted is referred to as a mount point. Hard disks and storage devices are normally divided up into smaller chunks called partitions.  Mount point & File System • A file system is an organized structure of data-holding files and directories residing on a storage device, such as a physical disk or partition. The process of adding a new file system to the existing directory tree is called mounting. The directory where the new file system is mounted is referred to as a mount point. Hard disks and storage devices are normally divided up into smaller chunks called partitions. • Partition can be assigning same file system or different file system; it depe...

   Windows Client-Side Hypervisor  l The client-side Hypervisor known as Client Hyper-V was introduced in Windows 8 Operating system. In Windows 10,  t he Client-side Hyper-V has got its features enhanced. Need for client Hyper-V - l Client Hyper-V is used to test or perform demo of operating system features or particular application software.  l Client Hyper-V can also be used to Run a legacy application that are not supported by Windows 10 .  It is used for User support and Troubleshooting. Features of Client Hyper-V are :   l Client Hyper-V supports 32 bit or 64-bit Virtual Machines.  l Used for storage migration or can also be used to create a virtual storage pool.  l Client Hyper-V uses VHD with maximum limit 2TB or VHDX with maximum limit of 64 TB software disk files.  l It can use local software Disk or LAN based storage also known as NAS Network Attached Storage.  l Client Hyper-V supports Import and Export of the VMs to Ser...